What Are The Early Signs Of Pregnancy?
Pregnancy is the transport of one or more embryos or fetuses by female mammals, including humans, into their bodies. In a pregnancy, there can be several gestations (for example in the case of twins or triplets). Human pregnancy is the most studied of all mammalian pregnancies.
Human pregnancy lasts approximately 9 months between the time of the last menstrual cycle and delivery (38 weeks from fertilization). The medical term for a pregnant woman is genetic, just like the medical term for the potential baby is embryo (first few weeks) and then fetus (until birth).
A woman who is pregnant for the first time is known as prima-gravida or pregnant 1: a woman who has never been pregnant is known as pregnant 0; Similarly, the terms for 0, for 1, and so on are used for the number of times a woman has given birth.
In many societies, medical and legal definitions, human pregnancy is somewhat arbitrarily divided into three-trimester periods, as a means of simplifying the reference to the different stages of fetal development.
The first trimester carries the highest risk of miscarriage (natural death of the embryo or fetus). During the second trimester, you can begin to monitor and diagnose the development of the fetus. The third trimester marks the onset of vitality, which means that the fetus could survive in the event of premature labor.
Before pregnancy begins, a female oocyte (ovum) must join, via the male sperm, in a process medically called "fertilization" or commonly (though perhaps loosely) "conception".
In most cases, this happens through sexual intercourse, in which a man ejaculates inside a woman, thereby releasing her sperm. Although pregnancy begins at the time of implantation, it is often desirable to date from the first day of a woman's last menstrual period. It is used to calculate the Estimated Delivery Date (EDD).
Traditionally (according to Naegele's rule, which is used to calculate the estimated due date or EDD), human pregnancy is considered to last approximately 40 weeks (280 days) from the last menstrual period (LMP) or 37 weeks (259 days) from the date of fertilization. However, a pregnancy is considered to have come to term between 37 and 43 weeks after the start of the last period. Babies born before 37 weeks are considered premature, while babies born after 43 weeks are considered postmature.
According to Merck, the norm for a human pregnancy is that it lasts 266 days from the date of fertilization. It is 38 weeks, or about 8 Gregorian months and 22.5 days, or 9.0 lunar months). Counting from the beginning of the woman's last menstrual cycle, the norm is 40 weeks (the basis of Naegele's rule). According to the same reference, less than 10% of births occur on schedule, 50% of births occur within a week of the expected date, and nearly 90% within two weeks. But it's unclear whether this refers to the due date calculated from an early ultrasound or from the last menstrual period (see below).
Although these are averages, the actual length of pregnancy depends on several factors. For example, the first pregnancy tends to last longer than subsequent pregnancies.
An exact fertilization date is important because it is used to calculate the results of various prenatal tests (for example, in the triple test). A decision can be made to induce labor if the baby is perceived to be late. Due dates are only a rough estimate, and the accurate dating process of pregnancy is complicated by the fact that not all women have 28-day menstrual cycles or ovulate on the 14th day after their last menstrual period. Approximately 3.6% of all women deliver on the expected due date in the LMP and 4.7% deliver on the day predicted by the ultrasound.
Early pregnancy can be detected in several ways, including various pregnancy tests that detect the hormones generated by the newly-formed placenta. Clinical blood and urine tests can detect pregnancy immediately after implantation, which occurs as early as 6-8 days after fertilization. Home pregnancy tests are personal urine tests, which normally cannot detect a pregnancy until at least 12-15 days after fertilization. Both clinical and home tests can only detect pregnancy status and cannot detect your age.
In the post-implantation phase, the blastocyst secretes a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin, which, in turn, stimulates the corpus luteum in the woman's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This works to keep the lining of the uterus so that the embryo continues to feed. The glands in the lining of the uterus will swell in response to the blastocyst and the growth of capillaries in that region will be stimulated. This allows the blastocyst to receive vital nutrients from the woman. Pregnancy tests detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin.
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